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Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is one of thefive major groups of lipoproteins, which in order of size, largestto smallest, are chylomicrons, VLDL, IDL, LDL, and HDL, that enabletransport of multiple different fat molecules, includingcholesterol, within the water around cells and within thewater-based bloodstream. Studies have shown that higher levels oftype-B LDL particles promote health problems and cardiovasculardisease, they are often informally called the bad cholesterolparticles, (as opposed to HDL particles, which are frequentlyreferred to as good cholesterol or healthy cholesterolparticles).

Renal function is an indication of the stateof the kidney and its role in renal physiology. Glomerularfiltration rate (GFR) describes the flow rate of filtered fluidthrough the kidney. Creatinine clearance rate (CCr or CrCl) is thevolume of blood plasma that is cleared of creatinine per unit timeand is a useful measure for approximating the GFR. A commonly usedsurrogate marker for estimate of creatinine clearance is theCockcroft-Gault formula, which in turn estimates GFR in ml/min. Itis named after the scientists who first published the formula, andit employs serum creatinine measurements and a patient's weight topredict the creatinine clearance.

我們讀聖經時，常常會讀到度量衡數量，由於聖經中用的度量衡與現在所用的度量衡完全不同。為此，我們設計了聖經中的度量衡轉換工具，供各位參考使用，希望對各位讀經有所幫助。

Individualized dosage. Administer as dilutedIV infusion. Levophed SF Initial dose: 2-3 mL/min. Ave maintenancedose: 0.5-1 mL/min.

1 磅 = 0.45359237 公斤1 公斤 = 2.20462262 磅1 公斤= 5/3台斤≒1.6666667台斤1 台斤 = 0.6公斤= 1.32277357 磅

地籍測量常用面積單位換算：1平方公尺 = 0.3025坪1坪 = 3.3058平方公尺1公頃 = 10000平方公尺 = 3025坪 = 1.03102甲1甲 = 10分 = 2934坪 = 0.96992公頃1平方公里 = 100公頃

Bicarbonate Deficits CalculatorBicarbonate Deficit is condition caused by excessiveorganic or inorganic acids in the body.The excess may be due to abnormally high acid productionwhich arises during fever and starvation or loss of bases.This calculator is used to calculate HCO3- deficits in patientswith metabolic acidosis.

NIHSS是美国国卫院所建立对于脑中风病人整体严重度的客观评估标准，可用于筛选适合施打rt-PA之病人，太严重(超过26分)及太轻微(不足4分)之病人都不适合施打。此中风量表是在1980年代，为缺血性脑中风治疗之临床研究计划，所设计出来的一个标准化神经学检查量表(Goldstein LB, et al. Arch Neurol 1989)。目前经常作为缺血性脑中风时药物治疗与临床预后的量化评估工具。

The NIHSS is a 15-item neurologic examinationstroke scale used to evaluate the effect of acute cerebralinfarction on the levels of consciousness, language, neglect,visual-field loss, extraocular movement, motor strength, ataxia,dysarthria, and sensory loss.

The modified Rankin scale is a 6 pointdisability scalewith possible scores ranging from 0 up to 5. A separate category(of 6) is sometimes added for patients who die. The modified Rankinscale has been used widely in both secondary prevention and acutestroke trials,including most of the thrombolysis trials.In order todetect a treatment effect or to demonstrate clinical improvement,it is important that patients are rated in a consistent manner,minimising variability.

In adults, the best equation for estimatingglomerular filtration rate (GFR) from serum creatinine is theisotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS)-traceable Modification ofDiet in Renal Disease (MDRD) Study equation1. All laboratories areusing creatinine methods calibrated to be IDMS traceable.

Dopamine is an endogenous catecholamine withan important role in the regulation of renal function, sodiumhomeostasis and blood pressure. D1 receptors on vascular smoothmuscle mediate vasodilatation, while stimulation of D1 receptors inthe renal proximal tubules leads to natriuresis and diuresis. D2receptors on presynaptic sympathetic nerve endings inhibitnoradrenaline release. Dopamine infusions are used widely for themanagement of cardiovascular disorders and renal dysfunction inintensive care units. The ability of dopamine to `protect' thekidney against ischaemic or toxic insults requires properevaluation in controlled trials. A number of dopaminergic prodrugs,selective dopamine agonists and dopamine congeners with additionalactions on other adrenoceptors have been developed. These drugs areundergoing clinical trials in the management of cardiovasculardisorders such as hypertension, heart failure and shock.

The Alveolar-arterial gradient (A-a gradient),is used to compare the causes of hypoxemia.A-a Gradient EquationA - a gradient = PAO2 - PaO2 Where:PAO2 = alveolar PO2 (calculated from the alveolar gasequation)PaO2 = arterial PO2 (measured in arterial blood)The Alveolar Gas EquationPAO2 = PIO2 - PACO2/RWhere: PIO2 = FIO2 x (760 mmHg - 47mmHg) = inspired O2- FIO2 = 21% at sea level atmospheric pressure = 0.21- 760 mmHg = atmospheric pressure at sea level- 47 mmHg = H2O pressurePACO2 = arterial PCO2 measured in plasmaR = respiratory exchange ratio or respiratory quotient = 0.8 undernormal conditionsValues and MeaningThe normal A-a gradient is < 10 mmHg, but canrange from 5-20 mmHg in a normal individual. An increased A-agradient suggests a diffusion defect, V/Q (ventilation/perfusion)defect, or right-to-left shunt.

Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator(rt-PA) was approved by the FDA in 1996 for the treatment of acuteischemic stroke. Despite its proven efficacy, however, rt-PAtherapy has not been widely used among ischemic stroke patients.Studies have estimated that only 1.8% to 3.0% of all ischemicstroke patients in the United States are treated with rt-PA; theupper end of that range was not achieved until FY 2007. There aremany reasons why rt-PA is not administered to more stroke patients,the most important of which is prehospital delays in presentation.Within the US population, only 8% of ischemic stroke patientspresent to an emergency department eligible for rt-PA. In addition,several important systems issues regarding the hospital ofpresentation affect whether a patient receives rt-PA, such asprotocols for acute stroke patient triaging, stroke education forlocal EMS and ED staff, and 24-hour CT availability.

From a prospective, community-based,observational cohort of patients from the Framingham Heart Studyfollowed biennially since 1948 and an offspring cohort evaluatedabout every 4 years since 1971.A health risk appraisal function hasbeen developed for the prediction of stroke using the FraminghamStudy cohort.

The NIHSS is a 15-item neurologicexaminationstroke scale used to evaluate the effect of acutecerebralinfarction on the levels of consciousness, language,neglect,visual-field loss, extraocular movement, motor strength,ataxia,dysarthria, and sensory loss.

Individual response to midazolam isvariable.The infusion rate should be titrated to the desired levelofsedation, taking into account the patient’s age, clinicalstatusand current medications. In general, midazolam should beinfused atthe lowest rate that produces the desired level ofsedation.

Hyponatremia refers to alower-than-normallevel of sodium in the blood. Sodium is essentialfor many bodyfunctions including the maintenance of fluid balance,regulation ofblood pressure, and normal function of the nervoussystem.Hyponatremia has sometimes been referred to as"waterintoxication," especially when it is due to the consumptionofexcess water, for example during strenuous exercise,withoutadequate replacement of sodium.Sodium is the major positively charged ion (cation) in thefluidoutside of cells of the body. The chemical notation for sodiumisNa. When combined with chloride (Cl), the resulting substanceistable salt (NaCl).The normal blood sodium level is 135 - 145milliEquivalents/liter(mEq/L), or in international units, 135 - 145millimoles/liter(mmol/L). Results may vary slightly amongdifferentlaboratories.

The Barthel Index consists of 10 itemsthatmeasure a person's daily functioning specifically theactivities ofdaily living and mobility. The items include feeding,moving fromwheelchair to bed and return, grooming, transferring toand from atoilet, bathing, walking on level surface, going up anddownstairs, dressing, continence of bowels and bladder.

In 1995, the National Institute ofNeurologicalDisorders and Stroke (NINDS) study group reported thatpatients withacute ischemic stroke who received alteplase withinthreehoursafter the onset of symptoms were at least 30% more likely tohaveminimal or no disability at three months than those whoreceivedplacebo. A subsequent study demonstrated that patientstreated withrt-PA were also more likely tohave minimal or no disability at one-year follow-up.

The ABCD2 score is a risk assessmenttooldesigned to improve the prediction of short-term stroke riskaftera transient ischemic attack (TIA). The score is optimizedtopredict the risk of stroke within 2 days after a TIA,butalsopredicts stroke risk within 90 days.

1 公 升 = 38.8148 美液盎司= 0.26418 美加侖= 0.21998 英加侖= 35.196 英液盎司= 1000 公 撮

The osmotic effect of soluteconcentrationplays a key role in homeostasis. Solute concentrationdetermines tolarge degree the intracellular and extracellularvolume andtonicity. Many poisons, medications and diseases effectthe balancebetween the intracellular and extracellular fluidvolumes.A serum osmolality test measures the amount of chemicalsdissolvedin the liquid part (serum) of the blood. Serum osmolalitycan becalculated by measuring the amounts of sodium, glucose, andbloodurea nitrogen (BUN) in the blood.

NIHSS是美國國衛院所建立對於腦中風病患整體嚴重度的客觀評估標準，可用於篩選適合施打rt-PA之病患，太嚴重(超過26分)及太輕微(不足4分)之病患都不適合施打。此中風量表是在1980年代，為缺血性腦中風治療之臨床研究計畫，所設計出來的一個標準化神經學檢查量表(GoldsteinLB, et al. Arch Neurol 1989)。目前經常作為缺血性腦中風時藥物治療與臨床預後的量化評估工具。